PoreLab Lecture Series

The PoreLab lecture series are organized alternating with the Porous Media Tea Time Talks (#PorousMediaTTT) usually on Wednesdays from 13:00 to 14:00. The series are held simultaneously in Oslo (UiO) and Trondheim (NTNU). The PoreLab lecture series are now almost always given by external lecturers.

Everyone are welcome to join and contribute. Contact: Marie-Laure Olivier, Marie-Laure.Olivier@ntnu.no, at NTNU or Janne Kvifte Hoff, j.k.hoff@mn.uio.no, at UiO.

Do you wish to receive the invitations to our PoreLab lectures by e-mail? Send your request to Marie-Laure Olivier here: Marie-Laure.Olivier@ntnu.no

Upcoming lectures

  • 5 June: Associate Professor Peter K. Kang, University of Minnesota, USA
  • 29 May: Joaquim Jimenez-Martinez, Research Scientist-Group Leader at Eawag (Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology) and Lecturer and Research Associate at the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering-ETH Zurich, Switzerland
  • 22 May: Oshri Borgman, Researcher in environmental hydrology and soil science, MIGAL, Galilee Research Institute, Qiryat Shemona, Israel
  • 15 May: Alexander Shapiro, Associate Professor at the Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Center for Energy Resources Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
  • 1 May: Roel Dullens, Professor of Physics & Chemistry of Soft Matter, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

Past lectures

2024

  • 17 April: Benzhong Zhao, Assistant Professor in Civil Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada: “Pattern formation in fluid-fluid displacement through simple porous media“
  • 3 April: Dr. Joachim Mossige, Postdoctoral Fellow at RITMO Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Rhythm, Time and Motion (IMV), University of Oslo, Norway: “Concentration-dependent diffusivity in a microfluidic pore”
  • 20 March: Zhongzheng Wang, Lecturer in the School of Mechanical, Medical & Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane city, Australia: “Microfluidics Inspired from Multiphase Flow in Porous Media”
  • 15 March: Professor Jan Martin Nordbotten, Department of Mathematics, University of Bergen, Norway: “Flow, transport and mechanics in fractured porous media” 
  • 13 March: Prof. Ken Elder, Department of Physics, Oakland University, USA: “Defect structures and patterns in ultrathin layers“
  • 11 March:  Juan Hidalgo from The Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA) at the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain: “Convective mixing in heterogenous porous media“
  • 6 March: Harish Pruthviraj Jain, Njord center, University of Oslo, Norway: “Active Reorganisation in Tissues”
  • 16 February: Associate Professor Jelena Popovic-Neuber, University of Stavanger, Norway: “Electrolytes and interfaces in batteries: Why are they important, how do we improve and control them?”
  • 9 February: Daniel Rothman, MIT, USA: “Slow Closure of Earth’s Carbon Cycle“
  • 7 February: Dr. Joachim Mossige, University of Oslo, Norway: “Microfluidic interferometry as an alternative method for measuring concentration-dependent diffusivities of large molecules“
  • 24 January: Professor Joachim Mathiesen, head of Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark: “Dispersion in slow capillary force dominated flows”
  • 10 January: Associate Professor Claire Chassagne, TU Delft, the Netherlands: “Modelling the properties of soft slurries”

2023

  • 14 December: Dr. Bérénice Vallier from the University of Strasbourg, France: “Influence of pumping strategies on the induced seismicity from pressure disturbances on faults during well injections“
  • 13 December: Prof. José S. Andrade Jr. , from the Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Brazil: “Itinerant conductance in fuse-antifuse networks”
  • 6 December: Dr.-Ing. habil. Abdolreza Kharaghani from the Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany: “Scale transition from discrete to continuum models for the drying of capillary porous media“
  • 1 December: Associate Professor Irene Rocchi from the Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark: “Investigating swelling across scales”
  • 29 November: Prof. Marcel Filoche from ESPCI Paris, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, France: “Heterogeneous delivery of surfactant into the pulmonary airway system“.
  • 23 November: Professor Berend Smit, Chemical Engineering at the School of Basic Sciences, EPFL, Switzerland: “Big Data in Nanoporous Materials: Science beyond Understanding“
  • 22 November: Associate Professor Cecilia Leal, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA: “Structural complexity of lipid nanoparticles: implications for efficient gene delivery“.
  • 15 November: Professor Ian Frigaard, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada: “Handling Uncertainty in the Squeeze Cementing Process“
  • 14 November: Dr. Marco De Paoli from the University of Twente, The Netherlands, and TU Wien, Austria: “Multiscale modelling of convective mixing in confined porous media“
  • 2 November: Marcello De Donno, Institute of Scientific Computing, TU Dresden, Germany: “Amplitude phase-field crystal model for complex lattices“
  • 31 October: Professor Jean-Marc Simon, Université de Bourgogne, France: “Application of nano-thermodynamics to the analysis of 2D images. From molecular simulation to the analysis of optical microscopic images of colloidal particles“.
  • 25 October: Professor Eirik G. Flekkøy from the department of Physics at the University of Oslo, Norway. “Cavitation dynamics in creeping flow“
  • 13 October: Prof. Miguel Rubi from the  Department of Fundamental Physics at the University of Barcelona, Spain: “Non-equilibrium thermodynamics of active particles self-assembly“
  • 11 October: Dr. Olivier Vincent, Permanent Research Scientist at CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, Lyon, France: “Water and solutions in nanoporous media: capillarity, osmosis and phase change“
  • 27 September: Prof. Bjørnar Sandnes from Swansea University, UK: “Viscously stable frictional fingers“
  • 7 June: Dr. Bauyrzhan Primkulov, from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA: “Moving contact lines over imperfect surfaces: from stick-slip to steady-sliding“
  • May 31: Professor Majid Hassanizadeh, from the SimTech Center of Excellence at Stuttgart University, Germany and the Earth Sciences Department at Utrecht University, Netherlands: “Two-phase flow in industrial porous media; Experiments, theory, and modelling“
  • May 10: Professor Rosangela Barros Zanoni Lopes Moreno from School of Mechanical Engineering at University of CAMPINAS, Unicamp, Brazil: “Petroleum at Unicamp, LABORE Research Group, and Opportunities for Collaboration“
  • May 10: Professor Salvatore Torquato, Princeton University, USA: “Microstructure-Dependent Predictions of the Transport Properties of Porous Media”
  • May 3: Associate Professor Daniel Lester, from RMIT University, Australia: “Fluid Mixing in Porous Media Flows of Arbitrary Complexity“
  • April 26: Dr. Tom Bultreys, assistant professor at Ghent University and recipient for the Interpore-PoreLab award for young researchers 2019: “New developments in micro-CT-based imaging of flow in porous media: 3D X-ray micro-velocimetry and to pore-to-core imaging experiments”
  • April 19: Dr. Mathieu Souzy, Research Associate at INRAE (French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment): “Dispersion and stretching in 3D porous media“
  • April 12: Professor Shervin Bagheri from the KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden: “Liquid-infused materials and surfaces“
  • March 31: Maciej Lisicki, Associate Professor at the Institute of Theoretical Physics, Faculty of Physics University of Warsaw, Poland: “Elastohydrodynamics of microscale swimming“
  • March 29: Dr. Tomás Aquino,  researcher at the Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA): “Mixing, delay, and restart — Fluid-solid reaction efficiency in incompletely-mixed porous media“
  • February 27: Mirela Vladuti, Art Center Manager for META Spatiu, Timisoara, Romania: “Art collaboration project with PoreLab“

2022

  • December 2: Professor Aksel Hiorth, Reservoir Technology at the University of Stavanger: “Perspectives on the importance of pore scale input for upscaling of reactive flows“
  • November 30: Dr. Pål-Erik Øren, Petricore Norway AS: “Multiscale Digital Rock Analysis of Complex Rocks“
  • November 16: Nicholas Heier, Biomimicry Center, Arizona State University: “Evolve to Survive: How emulating nature’s adaptive strategies can help researchers and innovators“
  • November 2: Associate Professor James McClure, Virginia Tech.: “Non-equilibrium theory for non-ergodic systems based on time-and-space averaging“
  • October 10 Dr. Senyou An, Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, UK: “Multi-scale flow and transport dynamics in porous media“
  • October 6: Professor Rainer Helmig, from University of Stuttgart: “Porous media free-flow coupling model concepts -from pore to Darcy-scale“
  • October 5: Douglas Durian, Mary Amanda Wood Professor of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania: “Statistical Mechanics of Granular Clogging”
  • October 3: Dr. Marcel Moura, PoreLab Researcher at the physics department, University of Oslo, giving a talk at the University of Minnesota on: Complexity: “More is Different” also in porous media flows
  • September 14: Prof. Gloria M. Buendia, from U. Simon Bolivar in Caracas, Venezuela: Monte Carlo Simulations of Out of Equilibrium Systems: Surface reactions
  • August 29: Prof. Sauro Succi, IIT-CLNS, Harvard University and University College London: From Softmat to Dropmat: computer explorations of droplet-based states of flowing matter
  • August 23: Dr. Hans Herrmann, PMMH, ESPCI Paris, France and UFC, Fortaleza, Brazil: Frustrated Bearings
  • June 24: Mark Willemsz, Master student at TU Eindhoven, The Netherlands, doing an internship at PoreLab NTNU: A micro computed tomography-study on the use of Xenon as a pressure indicator in porous media, Static pressure-attenuation calibration relations
  • June 16: Saman Aryana, Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering, U. of Wyoming, USA: “Transport and Phase Behavior in Multiscale Disordered Media.”
  • May 25: Himangsu Bhaumik, Post Doc, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Israel: Yielding, avalanche and structural change of different glasses under athermal cyclic shear
  • May 20: Ruby Fu, Assistant Professor of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, USA: “Solidification Flows in Porous Media: Stories from Gas Hydrate and Snow“
  • May 18: Antoni Forner Cuenca, Assistant Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry at Eindhoven University of Technology, NL: “Gas Diffusion Layers with Patterned Wettability for Next-generation Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells“
  • May 16, 2022: Dr. Hans Kåre Flø from Tekna and Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences (NTVA), Norway: “Sustainability as a challenge for PoreLab”.
  • May 11: Professor Guillaume Galliero, Laboratory of Complex Fluids and their Reservoirs, Université de Pau et des pays de l’Adour, France: “From nanofluidics to geological reservoir simulations: a molecular simulation perspective”
  • May 11, 2022: Professor Ignacio Pagonabarraga, Professor in Condensed Matter Physics in the Department of Fundamental Physics at the University of Barcelona, Spain: From nanofluidics to geological reservoir simulations: a molecular simulation perspective
  • May 4: Professor Rudy Valette, MINES ParisTech, France: “Non-newtonian fluids flow instabilities in confined geometries. Application to extrusion flows”
  • April 28: Associate Professor Luca Giomi, Leiden University & Lorentz Institute of Theoretical Physics, The Netherlands: “‘Hydrodynamics and multiscale order in confluent epithelia”
  • April 4, Wei Dong, laboratoire de chimie, ENS Lyon, France: “Disjoining chemical potential: A twin concept of disjoining pressure”
  • March 29, Claire Chassagne, Associate Professor, department of hydraulic Engineering, TU Delft, The Netherlands: “Characterization of suspensions, sludges and soils”
  • March 23, Sverre Holm, Department of physics, University of Oslo: “Wave equations for porous media described by the Biot model”
  • March 11: Peyman Mianji, PhD candidate, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany: “The impact of bentonite-slurry-infiltration on the hydro-mechanical parameters of granular soil in the context of hydroshield tunnelling”
  • March 4, Ren Liu, Xiaoying Tang, Jiaming Yu, PhD candidates, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University, UK: “Light-Induced Self-Assembly of Colloidal System”
  • March 2, Maja Rücker, assistant professor at the Eindhoven University of Technology in the Netherlands: “Wetting – from molecular interactions to fluid dynamics in porous media”
  • February 25, Ren Liu, Xiaoying Tang, Jiaming Yu, PhD candidates, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University, UK: “DNA-functionalised triblock copolymer solutions: experiments and molecular dynamics simulations“
  • February 23, Dr. Paul Grassia, School of Chemical and Process engineering, University of Strathclyde, UK: “All foams in porous media great and small“
  • February 9, Renaud Toussaint, Directeur de recherche CNRS, University of Strasbourg, France, an adjunct Professor at the Physcs department, PoreLab, University of Oslo, Norway: “Bubble cavitation during underwater contact between solids”
  • January 26, Osvanny Ramos, associate professor from the University Claudee Bernard, Lyon 1, France: “The LabQuakes project – from a granular fault to earthquake statistics

2021

2020

2019

  • December 4, Miguel Rubi, University of Barcelona, Spain: “Entropic origin of the deviations from Darcy’s law in porous media“.
  • November 27, Erika Eiser, Professor, University of Cambridge, UK: “Particle transport in optically transparent colloidal gels“
  • November 6, Diego Kingston, Ph.D. student in Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina: “Minimum entropy production in diabatic distillation columns using rate-based models“.
  • October 30, Professor Dag Chun Standnes, Leading researcher at Equinor ASA & adjunct professor at University of Stavanger, Norway: “Molecular Fluid Fluctuations and Absolute Permeability of Porous Media”
  • October 30, Dr. Shaltiel Eloul, Post-doc researcher, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK: “Self-Propulsion of Active Colloids via Direct Momentum Transfer“. 30.10.2019
  • October 23, Nasiru Idowu, Chief reservoir engineer and Digital Rock Technology Expert at iRock Technologie, Trondheim, Norway: “Reducing uncertainties in measured petrophysical data with high resolution 2D/3D Images“
  • October 14, Professor François Renard, Section of Physics of Geological Processes, Department of Geosciences University of Oslo, Norway, and ISTerre, University Grenoble Alpes & CNRS, France: “Advanced 4D imaging of geological processes using synchrotron and neutron microtomography”
  • October 2, Professor Peter Daivis, School of Science cluster, Physics department, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia: “Anisotropic heat flow in shearing fluids by molecular dynamics simulations”.
  • September 25, Professor Signe Kjelstrup, Department of Chemistry, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway: “Modelling Electrochemical Cells with Porous Electrodes” 
  • September 19, Dr. Quirine Krol, PhD from ETH Zürich, and joining soon the College of Engineering, Montana State University in Bozemang, USA, as Post-doc researcher: “Evolution of snow microstructure”.
  • September 17, Professor David Grégoire, Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, France: “Upscaling (un)saturated transport properties in porous materials from pore size distributions”.
  • September 13, Professor Bjørn Birnir, Director of Center for Complex and Nonlinear Science at the University of California at Santa Barbara (UCSB), USA: “The timing of global change“
  • September 10, Professor David Grégoire, Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, France: “Multi-physics couplings appearing in micro-to-macro porous media encompassing damage, transport and adsorption-induced strain“
  • September 5, Professor Renaud Toussaint, CNRS research director, experimental geophysics, University of Strasbourg, France: “How local heating impacts fracture”
  • August 28, Professor Paul Gunnar Dommersnes, department of Physics, NTNU: “Condensation of active matter“
  • June 25, Professor Majid Hassanizadeh, Managing Director at InterPore and Professor of Hydrogeology at Utrecht University: “Capillarity in porous media at different scales”
  • June 21, Research Associate Ali Telmadarreie, Canada Excellence Research Chair in Materials Engineering for Unconventional Oil Reservoirs, Office of the Vice-President (Research), University of Calgary, Canada: “High-Resolution Inline Density Measurements: Insight on Multiphase Flow and Transport Phenomena in Porous Media”
  • June 18, Professor Majid Hassanizadeh, Managing Director at InterPore and Professor of Hydrogeology at Utrecht University, The Netherlands: “Advanced theories of two-phase flow in deformable porous media; experimental and computation studies”
  • June 13, Dr. Antoine Léo Turquet, researcher at PoreLab Oslo, Norway: “A-MAZE-IN-FUELCELLS: Use of disordered labyrinth patterns in Fuelcells”
  • June 12, Tran Quoc-Anh, Ph.D student in Computational Geomechanics from the Department of Civil Engineering at Aalto University, Espoo, Finland: “Landslides investigation and consequences“.
  • June 11, Professor Alex Hansen, Director for PoreLab, department of Physics, NTNU: “A Usable Theory for Two-Phase Flow in Porous Media at the Continuum”.
  • June 5, Professor Natalya Kizilova, Institute of Aeronautics and Applied Mechanics, Faculty of Power and Aeronautical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland: “Porous structures, flows and minimum entropy production approach in biological materials and systems“
  • June 4, Alain Zanella, Lecturer at the University of Le Mans, France: “Natural fractures within impermeable and anisotropic sediments: from nature to experimental modeling”
  • May 29, Tufan Arslan, senior engineer at the NTNU IT development section, gives an introductory talk about openFOAM and its capabilities.
  • May 15, Professor Natalya Kizilova, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland, Institute of Aeronautics and Applied Mechanics: “Minimum entropy production approach to optimal design of the flow field plates in polymer electrolyte fuel cells”
  • May 15, Professor Natalya Kizilova, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland, Institute of Aeronautics and Applied Mechanics: “Nasal ducts of arctic animals as optimal heat and mass exchangers”
  • May 14, James Campbell, Post-doct PoreLab/Oslo and Njord center: “Ice nucleation in pores“
  • April 25, Marios Valavanides, Associate Professor: “Two-phase flow in porous media: Validation, development, evolution and practical applications of the DeProF theoretical framework“
  • April 24, Srutarshi Pradhan, researcher at the department of Physics, NTNU: “Overview of FBM works related to Porous Media research“
  • April 10, Verónica Pérez Chávez, Professor at CETYS University, Mexico: “The use of effective medium theory in silicon photonics: An experimental and numerical study“.
  • April 3, Per Arne Slotte, Researcher at the Department of Geosciences and Petroleum, NTNU: “Predicting resistivity and permeability using Minkowski functionals”
  • March 27, Diego Kingston, PhD candidate from Buenos Aires University, “Entropy production in chemical reactors: an heterogeneous model for the aniline synthesis reaction”
  • March 20, Patrick Huber, from Hamburg University of Technology: “Soft Matter in Nanoporous Media: From Nanoscale Physics to Metamaterials’ Science”
  • March 19, Benoit Cordonnier: “Investigation of porous rocks under X-ray and neutron sources”
  • March 13, Arne Dag Fidjestøl from NTNU server group on IT services
  • March 6, Mohammad Hossein Golestan, PhD candidate, Geoscience and Petroleum department from NTNU: “Pore scale investigation of wettability alteration during low-salinity water flooding“.
  • February 27, Miguel Rubi, Professor of Condensed Matter Physics in the Department of Fundamental Physics at the University of Barcelona: “Entropic effects in particle transport through porous media”
  • January 30 Dr. Srutarshi Pradhan, Researcher, department of Physics, NTNU, Norway: “Proposals status and funding information“
  • January 23 Dr. Marcel Moura, postdoctoral fellow, Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Norway: “Unconventional transport mechanisms in porous media: connectivity enhancement due to thin film flow“
  • January 18 Professor Wojciech Debski, Director, Department of Theoretical Geophysics, Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland: “Time Reversal Method, from mathematical principles to waveform analysis applications“

2018

  • December 5 Per-Arne Rikvold, researcher, department of Physics, University of Oslo, Norway: “Nonequilibrium Phase Transition, Nucleation, and Stochastic Resonance in Uniaxial Ferromagnets Driven by an Oscillating Magnetic Field”
  • November 28 Dr. Gaute Linga, research scientist at SINTEF Digital Oslo, Norway: “Two-phase electrohydrodynamics in complex geometries – modelling and simulation“
  • November 21 Professor Mette Rica Geiker, Department of Structural Engineering, NTNU, Norway: “Cement-Based Materials, Selected Research Questions“.
  • November 14 Dr. Janett Prehl, Research assistant in the group of Computational Physics, Technische Universität Chemnitz: Modeling the structure formation process of twin polymerization.
  • October 31 PhD student Kristian Stølevik Olsen at PoreLab Oslo, “Geometry and anomalous diffusion in frictional fingers“.
  • October 22 Ass. Prof. Erika Eiser, Reader in Soft Matter Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge. “Microrheology of DNA hydrogels“
  • October 16 Professor Satoshi Nishimura from the Faculty of Engineering, Field Engineering for the Environment, Hokkaido University, Japan. “Renewed approach in soil mechanics laboratory to frozen soils within THM framework“
  • October 8 Professor Koji Amezawa from the Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for advanced materials, Tohoku University, Secretary for KIFEE (Kyoto International Forum for Environment and Energy). “Operando 3-dimensional observation of reaction distribution in composite positive electrode for bulk-type all-solid-state lithium ion secondary batteries by using CT-XAFS“
  • October 3 Professor Natalya Kizilova from the Institute of Aeronautics and Applied Mechanics, Faculty of Power and Aeronautical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland. “Biological Networks: Principles of Design, Local and Global Optimization“
  • September 26 Per Arne Slotte. “In search of the missing state variables(s)”. The presentation is about state variables for two-phase flow in porous media, mainly in the low-rate (high capillary number) regime.
  • September 19 Dr Srutarshi Prandhan. “Summary of the proposals from PoreLab since last summer“, and a brainstorming session for new projects
  • September 12 Professor Alex Hansen. “Two-Phase Flow using Polar Coordinates“
  • August 30 Tom Vincent-Dospital from the University of Strasbourg. “Thermal weakening of cracks“
  • August 22 Dr Srutarshi Prandhan and Dr Mathias Winkler. “Funding information” and “Grant writing for Newcomers“
  • August 16 Professor Tamio Ikeshoji, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST, Japan. “Non-equilibrium and electrochemical simulations from Classical MD to First-Principles MD”
  • June 13 Professor Bjørn Hafskjold, NTNU.  “Entropy production in shock waves”
  • May 30 Professor Katarzyna Sznajd-Weron, “Phase transitions in models of opinion dynamics“
  • April 11th Benoit Loranger, NTNU, “Frozen soil“
  • March 21th Kristian Olsen, UIO. “Anomalous diffusion on deformed trees”
  • March 7th Alex Hansen, NTNU. “Renormalization Group Approach to Fracture“
  • February 21th Le Xu, UiO. “Experimental Observation of Dissolution Finger Growth in Radial Geometry“.
  • February 14th Eivind Bering, NTNU. “Fully atomistic simulations of polymeric fiber bundles“
  • February 7th Guillaume Dumazer, UiO. “When dense suspensions are getting denser“.
  • January 10th Jonas Tøgersen Kjellstadli, NTNU. “Local load sharing in the fiber bundle model“.

2017

  • December 6th Astrid Fagertun Gunnarshaug, NTNU. “Single Electrode Entropy Change for LiCoO2 Electrodes“.
  • November 29th Srutarshi Pradhan, NTNU. “Introduction to fiber budle models“.
  • November 22th Øivind Wilhelmsen, NTNU. “The influence of curvature on the surface tension of multicomponent droplets and bubbles“. In addition Jianying He will lecture on “Atomistic insights into the nanofluids transport through ultra-confined capillary“.